UK Regulatory Framework for Corporate Governance Dissertation

UK Regulatory Framework for Corporate Governance - Dissertation Example They have to rely on the directors’ judgement in running the company. If the information were freely available to all the firm’s stakeholders at the same time, there wouldn’t have been a need for corporate governance. Therefore, the need of corporate governance has arisen in order to facilitate an effective, prudent and entrepreneurial management, which can deliver long run success of the firm (FRC, 2010, p.1). It is a mechanism as to how the vision and values of the firm are set by the board of the firm distinguished from the regular operational management of the firm by its executives. Corporate governance defines the relationship between various stakeholders such as shareholders, directors, management, employees, creditors, suppliers, customers, government, and regulators, and ensures accountability, integrity and transparency (Mead & Sagar, 2006, p.334). 1.1.1 Aims & Objectives This paper aims to explain the effectiveness of the corporate governance framework by which UK companies are regulated. The effectiveness of the corporate governance practices has been analyzed through the understanding the development of UK’s Combined Code on corporate governance. 1.1.2 Scope of the Paper In order to achieve this paper’s aims and objectives, guidelines of FRC over the Combined Code has been carefully analyzed. The analysis of the effectiveness of corporate governance code has been done on the basis of research papers previously published in the related field. The first section of the paper reviews the literature explaining UK corporate governance code, development of the corporate governance code and practices since 1992, and link between audit assurance and corporate governance. The second section presents the research methodology. The third section presents the findings on the effectiveness of the evolved combined code of corporate governance. This followed by the discussion and conclusion. 2 Chapter 2 2.1 Literature Review 2.1.1 Corporate Governance Codes The Corporate Governance Code in UK is founded on ‘comply or explain’ approach (FRC, 2010, p.4). The approach requires that the companies should comply with the Code and if it is unable to comply with any particular aspect of the Code then it should explain in its financial disclosures. The approach is widely accepted and appreciated by the corporations. The Code does not provide rigid rules but consists of principles and provisions. Compliance with the principles and reporting the same to the shareholders is required under the Listing Rules. The principles given in the Code are as follows: Leadership: Every Company should have an effective board that is collectively responsible for the success of the company. Responsibilities of running the board and running the company’s operations should be clearly defined and divided. The powers of decision should not be fettered to single person. The chairman of the board is responsible for leadin g the board and for oversight of the workings of management. The non-executive board members should challenge and assist develop the proposals on

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay Example for Free

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay Abraham Lincoln was Born on February 12, 1809 in Kentucky. Lincoln Died on April 15, 1865 at the age of 65 Lincoln’s Formal education was limited to 18 months of schooling. Prior to politics Lincoln was a lawyer Lincoln served as an Illinois state legislator, member of the House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate. Elected President in 1860; Lincoln served from 1861-1865 as the 16th President of the United States. Lincoln wanted to evoke a Spirit of reconciliation with the states that had seceded! because he didnt want to dissolve the union IN COMPLIANCE with a custom as old as the Government itself, I appear before you to address you brieï ¬â€šy and to take in your presence the oath prescribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by the President before he enters on the execution of this office. I do not consider it necessary at present for me to -Timeliness discuss those matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or excitement. Apprehension seems to exist among the people of -Lincoln Openly Addresses prominent issues of the Southern States that by the accession of a the time. Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that I have no purpose, directly or -Antithesis indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no -Parallelism lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic resolution which I now read: Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States, and especially the right of each State to order and control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes. I now reiterate these sentiments, and in doing so I only press upon the public attention the most conclusive evidence of which the case is susceptible that the property, peace, and security of no section are to be in any wise endangered by the now incoming Administration. I add, too, that all the protection which, consistently with the Constitution and the laws, can be given will be cheerfully given to all the States when lawfully demanded, for whatever cause—as cheerfully to one section as to another. There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution—to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause shall be delivered up their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath? There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept? Again: In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States? I take the ofï ¬ cial oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much safer for all, both in ofï ¬ cial and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed than to violate any of them trusting to ï ¬ nd impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional. It is seventy-two years since the ï ¬ rst inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period ï ¬ fteen different and greatly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar difï ¬ culty. A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted. Lincoln’s Inaugural had many important points that are critical to understanding the time. Point One: He promoted and promised-Strongest possible federal support for the Fugitive Slave Law and the service/labour clause. There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive slaves; and the intention of the lawgiver is the law. All members of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution—to this provision as much as to any other. To the proposition, then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this clause shall be delivered up their oaths are unanimous. Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they not with nearly equal unanimity frame and pass a law by means of which to keep good that unanimous oath? There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should be enforced by national or by State authority, but surely that difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be surrendered, it can be of but little consequence to him or to others by which authority it is done. And should anyone in any case be content that his oath shall go unkept on a merely unsubstantial controversy as to how it shall be kept? Again: In any law upon this subject ought not all the safeguards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisprudence to be introduced, so that a free man be not in any case surrendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Constitution which guarantees that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States? Timeliness There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Here Lincoln uses a direct reference to a portion of the constitution under debate. -Timeliness. . Lincoln wanted to see that the Laws of the Union, be abided by all states. Being The President-Elect, Lincoln knew it was his job to uphold the laws. I take the ofï ¬ cial oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules; and while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do suggest that it will be much safer for all, both in ofï ¬ cial and private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand unrepealed than to violate any of them trusting to ï ¬ nd impunity in having them held to be unconstitutional. It is seventy-two years since the ï ¬ rst inauguration of a President under our National Constitution. During that period ï ¬ fteen different and greatly distinguished citizens have in succession administered the executive branch of the Government. They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years under great and peculiar difï ¬ culty. A disruption of the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably attempted. I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself. I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments. It is safe to assert that no government proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termination. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever, it being impossible to destroy it except by some action not provided for in the instrument itself. Eloquence Timelessness Perpetuity. The Constitution was established to form a more perfect union than the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union had been, which was explicitly perpetual in name and text, and thus the Constitution too was perpetual. He added that even were the Constitution construed as a simple contract, it could not be legally rescinded without an agreement between all parties. Lincoln didn’t recognize the Confederacy and attempted to reunite the Union in his 1st inaugural He looked at the Constitution as a contract and that A group can breach a contract but legally they are still bound to it. Again: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it—break it, so to speak—but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it? Descending from these general principles, we ï ¬ nd the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual conï ¬ rmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And ï ¬ nally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was to form a more perfect Union. But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the vital element of perpetuity. It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances. Lincoln during his speech told his audience that there wouldn’t be an invasion of the southern territory unless it were necessary for him to uphold his obligation to hold, occupy and possess the property and places belonging to the Federal government. Therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the -Timeliness laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in -Civil war was about to begin all the States. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part, and I shall perform it so far as practicable unless my rightful masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means or in some authoritative manner direct the contrary. I trust this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as the declared purpose of the Union that it will -Subtle Warning constitutionally defend and maintain itself. -Timeliness In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, -Lincoln is Speaking Directly to Secession and occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the approaching Civil War. Government and to collect the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere. Where hostility to the United States in any interior -Here we See Lincoln’s point that locality shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident citizens from holding the Federal offices, there would be no invasion for the there will be no attempt to force obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. While the strict legal right may south unless it were necessary to do exist in the Government to enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would be so irritating and so so to uphold the government or to nearly impracticable withal that I deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such offices. defend the union. There would be no invasion of the South unless such were necessary for him as President to fulfill his obligation to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the federal government. The Mail would Continue The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all parts of the Union. So far as possible the people everywhere shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favorable to calm thought and reï ¬â€šection. The course here indicated will be followed unless current events and experience shall show a modiï ¬ cation or change to be proper, and in every case and exigency my best discretion will be exercised, according to circumstances actually existing and with a view and a hope of a peaceful solution of the national troubles and the restoration of fraternal sympathies and affections. That there are persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union at all events and are glad of any pretext to do it I will neither afï ¬ rm nor -Antithesis deny; but if there be such, I need address no word to them. To those, however, who really love the Union may I not speak? Friday, November 7, 2008 23 Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of our national fabric, with all its beneï ¬ ts, its memories, and its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility that any portion of the ills you ï ¬â€šy from have no real existence? Will you, while the certain ills you ï ¬â€šy to are greater than all the real ones you ï ¬â€šy from, will you risk the commission of so fearful a mistake? Reconciliation Timely All profess to be content in the Union if all constitutional rights can be maintained. Is it true, then, that any right plainly written in the Constitution has been denied? I think not. Happily, the human mind is so constituted that no party can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the Constitution has ever been denied. If by the mere force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might in a moral point of view justify revolution; certainly would if such right were a vital one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minorities and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by afï ¬ rmations and -Periodic Sentence negations, guaranties and prohibitions, in the Constitution that controversies never arise concerning them. But no organic law can ever be framed with a provision speciï ¬ cally applicable to every question which may occur in practical administration. No foresight can anticipate nor any document of reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible questions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by national or by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The -Parallelism Constitution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. From questions of this class spring all our constitutional controversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minorities. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or the Government must cease. There is no other alternative, for continuing the Government is acquiescence on one side or the other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them, for a minority of their own will secede from them whenever a majority -Timeless refuses to be controlled by such minority. For instance, why may not Speaks to nation at anytime anyplace. any portion of a new confederacy a year or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of the present Union now claim to About unity. secede from it? All who cherish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interests among the States to compose a new union as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed secession? Plainly the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, -Periodic and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Sentence Whoever rejects it does of necessity ï ¬â€šy to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left. I do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional questions are to be -Parallelism decided by the Supreme Court, nor do I deny that such decisions must be binding in any case upon the parties to a suit as to the object of that suit, while they are also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all parallel cases by all other departments of the Government. And while it is obviously possible that such decision may be erroneous in any given case, still the evil effect -Periodic following it, being limited to that particular Sentence case, with the chance that it may be overruled and never become a precedent for other cases, can better be borne than could the evils of a different practice. At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably ï ¬ xed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the judges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be -Antithesis extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave trade are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal Timely- obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, Slavery-Major debate in country. can not be perfectly cured, and it would be worse in both cases after the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived without restriction in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other. Physically speaking, we can not separate. We can not remove our respective sections from each other nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced and go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other, but the different parts of Timelessness our country can not do this. They can not but remain face to face, and -Unity intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is -Separate it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties -relevant-still today easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot ï ¬ ght always; and when, after much loss on both sides and no gain on either, you cease ï ¬ ghting, the identical old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are again upon you. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing Government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the National Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself; and I should, under existing circumstances, favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions originated by others, not especially chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution— which amendment, however, I have not seen—has passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable. The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, and they have referred none upon him to ï ¬ x terms for the separation of the States. The people themselves can do this if also they choose, but the Executive as such has nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer the present Government as it came to his hands and to transmit it unimpaired by him to his successor. Antithesis I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battleï ¬ eld and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our ELOQUENCE- nature. Friday, November 7, 2008 30 Effectiveness -One month Later the Civil War Began. -Awkward, what Lincoln had to say to the audience was irrelevant. -Shortly After his speech many of the southern states seceded. -Rather Tedious and Defensive. -In the Shadow of future speeches, Gettysburg, Lincoln second inaugural. -They didn’t have that much effectiveness for what ensued. Abraham Lincoln Transformation Period 1861-1865. The South wasn’t thrilled with Lincoln’s Election. Lincoln’s election left the south with no other option but secession-out of dislike or fear of Lincoln. Over the next four years the country would experience wars that impacted not only the ideologies of countrymen but President Lincoln as well. Through these events we see how Lincoln’s role as President led to the transformation of a nation and himself as a public ï ¬ gure. Timeline of Events April 12, (4:30A.M.) 1861 Attack on Fort June 1861 Four Slave States Stay in the Sumter. President Lincoln planned to send Union. Despite accepting slavery, Delaware, supplies to Fort Sumter, he alerted the state in Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri didn’t join advance as an attempt to avoid hostile actions. the Confederacy. Although divided in their South Carolina didn’t trust Lincoln; the loyalties, a combination of political commander of the fort, Robert Anderson, was maneuvering and the Union military asked to surrender immediately. Anderson maneuvered these states from secession. offered to surrender, only once his supplies had been exhausted. His offer was met with rejection and The Civil War began when Ft. Sumter was ï ¬ red on. April 1861 Four More States Join the Confederacy. The attack Sumter prompted four more states to join the Confederacy. With Virginias secession, Richmond was named the Confederate capitol. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln didn’t want to upset bordering slave- holding states so in an attempt to soothe things over, Lincoln resisted the demands of many Republicans for complete abolition. In 1861, Congress had passed an act stating that all slaves employed against the Union were to be considered free. In 1862, another act stated that all slaves of men who supported the Confederacy were to be considered free. Gettysburg July 1-July 3 1863 Gettysburg. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural November 1864 Abraham Lincoln Is Re-Elected. The Republican party nominated President Abraham Lincoln as its presidential candidate, and Andrew Johnson for vice-president. Context The country had been through terrible conditions due to the war. The ground was muddy- wet weather was uncomfortable and it was cold yet thousands upon thousands arrived on capitol grounds in Pennsylvania to hear Lincoln speak in hopes for change and an end to war. Context Continued Times had changed. For the ï ¬ rst time ever, Black Soldier’s were allowed to attend a presidential Inaugural a monumental change in American History. Licoln’s Second Inaugural Fellow-Countrymen: At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential ofï ¬ ce there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the ï ¬ rst. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed ï ¬ tting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public -Periodic declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which Sentences still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chieï ¬â€šy depends, is as well known to the public as to myself, and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. Past history of the war On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to -Antithesis avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, urgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war—seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.! -Timeliness Hopes for the Future One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which -Will of the God the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conï ¬â€šict might cease with or even before the conï ¬â€šict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just Gods assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other mens faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God -Timelessness wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsmans two hundred and ï ¬ fty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.! With malice toward none, with charity for all, with ï ¬ rmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to ï ¬ nish the work we are in, to bind up the nations wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.! Timelessness -Effectiveness

Nestle are Leader in nutrition health and wellness

Nestle are Leader in nutrition health and wellness Nestle is worlds largest corporation of food and beverage. They are the leader in nutrition, health and wellness. This company has recognised brand name and very significant influence on customers, business and government bodies as well. Their products ranges from drinks like tea, coffee, water, ice-cream to baby food , pet care, phamaceutical and confectionary . Nestlea operates in 130 countries. They manufactue arounf 10,000 different products and they have manpower of near 250,000 around the globe. They sell more then one billion products in one day. Mission : Good Food, Good Life. The comapanies main brands are Background It was founded in 1866, by a pharmacist, Henri Nestle. Initially the business was making milk for infants who cannot digest mothers milk. This product was successful and gained a demand very fast. After that Nestle had many merger and acquisitions and it grew in developing countries. Organisational Structure of Nestle Governing body: AGM: Annual General Meeting of Shareholders. Executive Body: Board of Directors There are four committees in Corporate Governance. In Nestle they have Executive Board which mainly consist company executives and department heads. They are responsible for managing the all operations of the company and they are the executives who implement the policies and strategies designed or we can say defined by Board of Directors. Organisation Structure of Nestle: Source: www.nestle.com Nestle Information Policy: Nestle rank first among the ten companies who were assessed for transparency of the information with their stakeholders. Nestle provide transparent information about their Corporate Affairs Department, Board of Directors responsibility for Corporate Affairs. All this information is provided in their annual report which is available on their website. Nestle Vision Statement Nestles aim is to meet the various needs of the consumer everyday by marketing and selling foods of a consistently high quality. Nestles Mission Statement We strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrient to meet physiological need. Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. They Believe in: A prerequisite for dealing with people is respect and trust. Transparency and honesty in dealing with people are a sine qua non for efficient communication. This is complemented by open dialogue with the purpose of sharing competencies and boosting creativity. To communicate is not only to inform; it is also to listen and to engage in dialogue. The willingness to cooperate, to help others and to learn is a required basis for advancement and promotion within our company Objectives Designing and producing the products of such quality so that they can create value for shareholders and consumers, employees and business partners, and the local communities and national economies in which Nestlà © operates. Not to focus on short term profits, but to develop business for long term. Top priority is consumer. They believe that they cannot exist without their customers. So while designing their products they first think about the need of customer. Generally there are no specific laws and legislation set, rather than the general laws of the company, but still as operation through the globe, that is operating in a lot of different countries, there are rules and guidelines which might vary according to the country and the environment they are operating in so sometime there are specific laws and rules set for those sort of environmental conditions which might vary to each and every country of the members of the staff. They are very conscious on the professionalism that they have as they believe that if the company are professional and that means that follow certain law and ethics and they abide to it, or stick to it no matter what the situation is so that this will help the company to gain good reputation within the employees of the company, they will not hesitate if something is going wrong within the company. Corporate Level Strategy Merger and Acquisition Biggest mergers Drerers Ice-Cream company North Americas largest pet Food company-Rlaston Purina: 11 billion USD Gerber, a brand of Novarits corporation in baby food : 5.5 Billion USD Reason to follow AM strategy are: Diversifying business Expansion of size of company Selling:They sold their milk manufacturing industry BAVI to Anco. Reasons: They can use this money to focus in any other business which is more profitable. Business level Strategy Their main business level strategy is the integrated cost leadership/ differentiation, by producing 10,000 of different products with low cost as compared to others. Recruitment process and Pay Structure at Nestle The recruitment process at Nestle is clearly defined. People with qualities like dynamism, realism, pragmatism, hard work, honesty and trustworthiness. Match between candidates values companys culture. Recruitment for management levels takes place in the head office and all others at the branch level. The existing employees are promoted to higher posts as per the requirements. There are no lateral recruitments. Another source of recruitment is campus placements and human resource consultancies. Pay structure at Nestle Nestle strives to offer fair remuneration. Remuneration level is above the average in industry. The variable component of the salary is comparatively big to reward individual performance. In case of higher management level, the variable part is linked to individual team target achievements People management policies, basic values principles elaborated in Nestle Nestle management leadership principles- The Nestlà © Management and Leadership Principles describe the management style and the corporate values of the Nestlà © Group, specifically in the area of interpersonal relations. Nestle human resources policy- the policies designed for the Nestlà ©s human resources are well defined to the employees with proper guidances and guidelines given to them so that they can operate in the right manner and be more effective and efficient. Nestle people development review-this policy throws light on Nestles culture and core values, different training programs and life of employees after work Nestle: Job Design Selection-Combination of written test, GD interview (Interviews for top management posts). The company incorporates practices like Job Enrichment and Job Enlargement, to motivate employees and to break the monotony of their job tasks. The correspondent herself works in both sales and brand management departments, which is an example of job enlargement Training Programme in Nestle From the factory floor to the top management, training at Nestlà © is continuous. And because it is mainly given by Nestlà © people, it is always relevant to the professional life. Throughout the world, each country runs its own training programmes (e-Learning, classroom courses, external courses), and it has five training centers in France, UK, Spain, Mexico and Brazil. Nestle runs following training programmes- Literacy training Programme: this is run by nestle to improve skills in employees who are given new machines or equipment to work. The objective is to prepare workers to operate new equipment and production methods. This requires the ability to read, write and do basic calculations. This process is part of what is called the Mission-directed Work Team Approach. In addition to increasing productivity, the process helps to empower the teams to take responsibility for their performance and maintain a positive attitude to their work. Nestle Apprenticeship Programmes: It is an intensive four-year programme. Technical classes are given. Apprentices take a series of exams leading to a Technician Diploma or an Advanced Technician Diploma. Local Training Programmes The local training programme means a lot of employees work in the Nestlà ©s, in other words the Nestlà ©s 2/3 of the employees who work for the Nestlà ©s arrange and organise the training programme to share the experience of whatever the problems being faced by each employees and that they are trying to train them in such a manner that when any problem occurs they can themselves be aware of it and can take the right decision when need, these are sort of being run in every different countries where Nestlà ©s operate and it is a unique programme, in other word it is termed as Nestlà ©s people development activities and continuously been followed throughout Rive-Reine International Training programmes: They have allocated different programmes for training different people, they have a specially designed training programmes in which thy run more than 70 courses. Which are around the word and something like 1700 to 1800 manager and senior manager attend this sort of courses this includes from around the world and over 70 to 80 countries are participating in this sort of courses. The staff that is training them is a highly qualified and with a lot of them being those from the Nestles senior managers who have tones of experience and have a lot of expertise in the field and can take care of the precise things that need to be handled, they put their experience into play and train the staff, so that not only the company benefit but also the staff benefit from the training. The sometimes have the top management participating in the programme it might sometimes even include the CEO if the Nestlà ©s who is interested in the Nestle Rewards: Passion to Win awards: These quarterly awards have been institutionalized to reward those who over-achieve their targets. Long-service Awards- To recognize employees who have been with the company for more than 30 years. Nestle Idea Award- It was found from the correspondent that the company institutes Nestle Idea Award every quarter to recognize and award employees who come up with relevant and innovative ideas which have the potential of being implemented at Nestle. For all aspects of Reward Nestle apply the fundamental principles outlined below. There rewards are based on following principles Performance Driven The hard work each employees put in the more are the chances of their getting the reward, reward is strictly based on the way each employee perform. The more the hard work put in by the employees more will be reward, in some sort performance is directly linked to the rewards they are going to earn. In this way they motivate the employees, to get the better out of them, and in way both the company as well as the employees are benefited. The reward they each employees are offered is quite attractive so that the employees get attracted to it and try and perform to the best of their calibre. Inclusive The reward system is unique and it is included for each of the employees and not only the junior manager, it includes all the employees and in that way all are employees are included. Flexible They are more of a sort of flexible on the reward system if the employees are performing and if they want their reward in some other form if it is possible then they might give the reward that the employee asks for and not what they have already decided. Benefits given to employees in Nestle The following benefits are provided to all employees, with no discrimination Leave-Personal Medical (fixed no. per year) Children Education Assistance Scheme Provident fund Retirement Gratuity Scheme Group Insurance Accidental Insurance Scheme Conveyance Reimbursements Employee Relationship Nestle provides a very healthy working environment which is one of the reasons why Nestlà ©s employees state their commitment level to be very high. Employee turnover is less than 5%., which is considered to be very low for a multinational corporation. Nestle has an open culture upward communication especially in case of grievance redressal is encouraged. Work/Life balance is given importance, as illustrated in the Nestle Human Resource Policy document. Nestle Family annual events are organized by their HR department whereby employees along with their families are invited. Emphasis is laid on safety of employees (Nestle Policy on Health and Safety at Work) Referances: Case Study of Nestlà ©: Training and Development http://www.nestlecareers.co.uk/html/benefits-nestle-jobs.htm (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() http://www.oppapers.com/subjects/how-to-meet-physiological-needs-page1.html http://www.blurtit.com/q4289961.html http://www.merisant.com/careers/job_opportunities.html http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/Nestle/24216.html http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/Nestle-Mission-Statement/79131.html http://www.research.nestle.com/tools/mission_statement.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Mission_Statement_for_Nestle http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Mission_statement_for_nestle http://irenesbakery.com/bakery/index.htm http://kninn.blogspot.com/2009/12/mission-statement-of-nestle-pakistan.html http://sawaal.ibibo.com/personal-finance-and-tax/what-nestle-mission-statement-510970.html http://www.merisant.com/careers/job_opportunities_asia.html

Feminism in Sophocles Antigone and Shakespeares Othello Essay

Feminism in Antigone and Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism has been one of the most important forces in shaping our modern-day society. Thanks to the women's rights movement, females today enjoy rights and freedoms that are unprecedented in the history of Western civilization. However, it was not always this way. Whereas modern literature that contains feminist messages barely gets a second thought, readers in our time are intrigued and impressed by feminist works coming from a decidedly male-biased past. Two of the greatest works of Western literature, Antigone and Othello, written by the two great dramatists Sophocles and Shakespeare, have been said to illustrate feminist ideals in the "distant" past. Antigone, which embodies these ideals throughout and is primarily concerned with the inequity of gender roles, is such a play. Othello, while it contains occasional feminist sentiment, still keeps its women in conventional female roles and thus is not a feminist work. In order to determine if these plays are feminist, we first require a working definition of the term. This alone is rather complicated, because the word itself is popularly used and misused in many different ways. In its simplest form, feminist doctrine states that women and men are equal and deserve the same rights and privileges. This, although widely accepted in our time, was not in the past. However, feminism also has been seen as the belief that men are the inferior sex, a belief that might more accurately be termed "anti-masculinism". This belief has never been widely espoused in Western society, and probably never will be. It can also be said that "feminism" is any belief or idea that is meant to improve the well-being and social standing of females: for ex... ...e does not, and this is seen clearly in the play. We are driven to sympathize with Antigone, and we see that she finds a way to be powerful that does not fit in with the classical male-driven power structure. She is also powerful in the structure of the play: she is its most well developed character and the play takes its title from her name. Finally, Sophocles shows us that feminism works, at least in Antigone's case: she gets what she wants. Unfortunately, this happens to be death, but her attempts at power still get her what she desires.    Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat, Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993. Sophocles. Antigone. The Theban Plays. Ed. and trans. E. F. Watling. London: Penguin Group, 1947: 126-162. Watling, E. F. "Introduction." The Theban Plays. London: Penguin Group, 1947: 7-22.

“Born To Run” by Christopher McDougall Essay Essay

In Christopher McDougall’s â€Å"Born to Run† a lot has been written about the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico and their almost superhuman ability to run hundreds of miles over rugged terrain while suffering little in the way of fatigue or injury. It appears that the Tarahumara are the last members of the human race to live up to our true evolutionary potential. You could chalk up their success to a lack of junk food, stress and the evils of 21st century society, or perhaps they have been somehow genetically endowed with endurance abilities that the rest of us lost at the beginning of the Industrial Age. We learn that this seemingly lost ability is actually alive and well in the strangest places and people. In â€Å"Born to Run†, McDougall tracks down members of the reclusive Tarahumara Indian tribe in the Mexican Copper Canyons. After being repeatedly injured as a runner himself, McDougall marvels at the tribe’s ability to run ultra-distances (over 320 km) at incredible speeds, without getting the routine injuries of most American runners. The book has received attention in the sporting world for McDougall’s description of how he overcame injuries by modeling his running after the Tarahumara. He asserts that modern cushioned running shoes are a major cause of running injury, pointing to the thin sandals called huaraches worn by Tarahumara runners, and the explosion of running-related injuries since the introduction of modern running shoes in 1972. Alongside his research into the Tarahumara, McDougall delves into why the human species, unique among other primates, has developed traits for endurance running. He promotes the endurance running hypothesis, arguing that humans left the forests and moved to the savannas by developing the ability to run long distances in order to literally run down prey. If you look at humans from a physiological point  of view, we are an upright biped, a body type that would make us very vulnerable to attack on the plains of Africa. There is no physiological advantage that we have that can exploit in order to hunt and be successful, apart from the ability to run long distances. Running, for the Tarahumara is integral to their societal structure and even the way in which they run, in strategic formation in respect to social rank, improves their endurance and their speed, as well as having incalculable benefits on their fitness, mental well-being and social health. The fact that in the Tarahumara society, clinical depression, greed, crime, war, violence, domestic abuse, as well as a host of modern illness such as cancer and heart disease is virtually unheard of. The Tarahumara lives to a ripe old age and is extremely happy in doing so. The greatest race the world has never seen refers to the Copper Canyon Ultra marathon but it could equally refer to the Human Race, and its history of development which is intertwined with running. Running helped make us who we are, and it IS who we are, it is one of the purest expressions of our humanity and deserves its place as so. When it comes to going ultra-distances, nothing could beat the Tarahumara not a racehorse, not a cheetah, not even an Olympic marathoner. Very few outsiders had ever seen the Tarahumara in action, but amazing stories of their superhuman toughness and tranquility have drifted out of the canyons for centuries. One explorer spent 10 hours crossing a mountain by mule while a Tarahumara runner made the same trip in 90 minutes. One reason the Tarahumara squeeze so much mileage out of their feet is because they don’t baby them. The Tarahumara add strength to their stride from childhood by passing a wooden ball with their feet as they race through the woods. Keeping the ball in play means lunging, backpedalling and twisting all movements that later translate into powerful, economical self-propulsion. Your body needs to be shocked to become resilient and for the Tarahumara, that’s just daily life. They step into the unknown every time they leave their caves because they never know how fast they’ll have to  sprint after a rabbit, how much firewood they’ll have to haul home, or how tricky the climbing will be during a winter storm. Before the Tarahumara run long, they get strong. Personally I think the Tarahumara Indians motive people to do their best in running. At least I know they have motivated me to do better in my events in Track and Field. And with this in mind I can see improvement and so have my coaches.

Amateurism in Ncaa Football

Paranny Aril Crawford Sandin English 101 13 October 2012 Amateurism In NCAA Football The National Collegiate Athletic Association is corrupted with sneakiness, unfairness and greediness, particularly in division one colleges. In North America, sports play a huge role, especially sports like football, hockey, basketball and baseball. Sometimes this causes us to become vanished of fairness, like are the players being treated right? A great example of injustice in sports is amateurism of football players in division one colleges.Division one and division two athletes must obtain amateurism, which is playing the sport as a hobby rather than for the money, many would define amateurism as worthy but it is really tainted and monopolized! Should NCAA athletes get paid? Numerous of people would easily answer no because college athletes are on scholarships and various athletic departments loses money even with a winning record. Also college athletes have advantages with free tuition, books, li ving expenses, food, clothing and health.Although all of these features appear wonderful but there are more cons than pros of amateurism. For example the NCAA is a business that are making money out of these athletes basically for free and yes they do receive tuition but that does not compare to the large amount of money the NCAA is making out of them. According the Stanford Review, college athletic is a multimillion-dollar industry with recruiting the best of the best in the nation. So why not pay the best of the best, if they put in all this hard work, then they should be rewarded.Instead the National Colligate Athletic Association is a monopoly because of its limitation of scholarships and other payments to boost its college sports program. Also not all of the athletes receive scholarships. College football players put in more work on the field than they do in the classrooms. For example when in season they have five-hour practices and that doesn’t include lifting for an h our and this is from Tuesday to Friday with game day on Saturday. After the season is over then they begin spring all which is just only practices and plus they don’t have a summer break because they have to stay for summer ball. We consider college athletes as student athletes but that is such an oxymoron because in realty their sport does come before their schoolwork. When playing in a big division one school, most athletes believe to make it in the big leagues but sadly only about 2% makes it. Colleges should stress more on education for so call student athletes but they don’t because of the athlete’s popularity and how the NCAA is making money out of them regardless if they have a future afterward or not.It’s horrible how the NCAA contract includes that when an athlete commits and decides to transfer to play for another school then they have to sit out a year. This rule is so unfair because coaches don’t have to do that. The NCAA is the biggest monopoly in America according to Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine. When selling college souvenirs and jerseys, videogames, etc and the athlete does not make any money from that, even if they are the main reason for those sales. It is amazing that most players receive a free education but does not compare to what the NCAA is making off of them.The players should receive a cut of these profits or gain a portion of this money after graduation so it can help them financially with their futures. Sadly the NCAA is too considerate of themselves and if an athlete is injure or not performing well then they have no problem wiping their name off the record books. The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a business that makes tons of money from college athletes. Another reason why the NCAA doesn’t pay their athletes is because they will be tax and they can lose a lot of money from that.Well, professional sports obviously pay their athletes and they are tax too but the professional leagues are doing well. College basketball and college football are highly talked about and televised just like the professional sports so it shouldn’t be a problem if college athletes get paid. With amateurism in college sports, athletic programs cheat. They secretly cheat by illegally over paying top players or handing them out free stuff. For instance Cam Newton who was an All-American quarterback playing for Auburn and Mississippi before was secretly offered 120,000 to 18,000 from Mississippi State.Playing in top division one colleges, â€Å"winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing† and if athletic programs will cheat to have the best recruits and this is no surprise. If amateurism didn’t exist, there wouldn’t be any cheating scandals and every player will treated equally from their performance. Brown, Noah. â€Å"The NCAA Monopoly – The Toonari Post – News, Powered by the People! â€Å"

Bulgars, Bulgaria and Bulgarians

Bulgars, Bulgaria and Bulgarians The Bulgars were an early people of eastern Europe. The word bulgar derives from an Old Turkic term denoting a mixed background, so some historians think they may have been a Turkic group from central Asia, made up of members of several tribes. Along with the Slavs and the Thracians, the Bulgars were one of the three primary ethnic ancestors of present-day Bulgarians.   The Early Bulgars The Bulgars were noted warriors, and they developed a reputation as fearsome horsemen. It has been theorized that, beginning in about 370,  they moved west of the Volga River along with the Huns. In the mid-400s, the Huns  were led by Attila, and the Bulgars apparently joined him in his westward invasions. After Attilas death, the Huns settled in the territory north and east of the Sea of Azov, and once again the Bulgars went with them.   A few decades later, the Byzantines hired the Bulgars to fight against the Ostrogoths. This contact with the ancient, affluent empire gave the warriors a taste for wealth and prosperity, so in the 6th century they began to attack the nearby provinces of the empire along the Danube in hopes of taking some of that wealth. But in the 560s, the Bulgars themselves came under attack by the Avars. After one tribe of Bulgars was destroyed, the rest of them survived by submitting to yet another tribe from Asia, who departed after about 20 years. In the early 7th century, a ruler known as Kurt (or Kubrat) unified the Bulgars and built a powerful nation that the Byzantines referred to as Great Bulgaria. Upon his death in 642, Kurts five sons split the Bulgar people into five hordes. One remained on the coast of the Sea of Azov and was assimilated into the empire of the Khazars. A second migrated to central Europe, where it merged with the Avars. And a third disappeared in Italy, where they fought for the Lombards. The last two Bulgar hordes would have better fortune in preserving their Bulgar identities. The Volga Bulgars The group led by Kurt’s son Kotrag migrated far to the north and eventually settled around the point where the Volga and the Kama rivers met. There they split into three groups, each group probably joining with peoples who had already established their homes there or with other newcomers. For the next six centuries or so, the Volga Bulgars flourished as a confederation of semi-nomadic peoples. Although they founded no actual political state, they did establish two cities: Bulgar and Suvar. These places benefited as key shipping points in the fur trade between the Russians and Ugrians in the north and the civilizations of the south, which included Turkistan, the Muslim caliphate at Baghdad, and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 922, the Volga Bulgars converted to Islam, and in 1237 they were overtaken by the Golden Horde of the Mongols. The city of Bulgar continue to thrive, but the Volga Bulgars themselves were eventually assimilated into neighboring cultures. The First Bulgarian Empire The fifth heir to Kurts Bulgar nation, his son Asparukh, led his followers west across the Dniester River and then south across the Danube. It was on the plain between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains that they established a nation that would evolve into what is now known as the First Bulgarian Empire. This is the political entity from which the modern state of Bulgaria would derive its name. Initially under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Bulgars were able to found their own empire in 681, when they were officially recognized by the Byzantines. When in 705 Asparukh’s successor, Tervel, helped restore Justinian II to the Byzantine imperial throne, he was rewarded with the title caesar. A decade later Tervel successfully led a Bulgarian army to assist Emperor Leo III in defending Constantinople against invading Arabs. At about this time, the Bulgars saw an influx of Slavs and Vlachs into their society. After their victory at Constantinople, the Bulgars continued their conquests, expanding their territory under the khans Krum (r. 803–814) and Pressian (r. 836–852) into Serbia and Macedonia. Most of this new territory was heavily influenced by the Byzantine brand of Christianity. Thus, it was no surprise when in 870, under the reign of Boris I, the Bulgars converted to Orthodox Christianity. The liturgy of their church was in Old Bulgarian, which combined Bulgar linguistic elements with Slavic ones. This has been credited with helping to create a bond between the two ethnic groups; and its true that by the early 11th century, the two groups had fused into a Slavic-speaking people who were, basically, identical to the Bulgarians of today. It was during the reign of Simeon I, the son of Boris I, that the First Bulgarian Empire achieved its zenith as a Balkan nation. Although Simeon evidently lost the lands north of the Danube to invaders from the east, he expanded Bulgarian power over Serbia, southern Macedonia and southern Albania through a series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire. Simeon, who took for himself the title Tsar of All the Bulgarians, also promoted learning and managed to create a cultural center at his capital of Preslav (present-day Veliki Preslav). Unfortunately, after Simeons death in 937, internal divisions weakened the First Bulgarian Empire. Invasions by Magyars, Pechenegs and Rus, and reignited conflict with the Byzantines, put an end to the sovereignty of the state, and in 1018 it became incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire In the 12th century, stress from external conflicts reduced the Byzantine Empires hold on Bulgaria, and in 1185 a revolt took place, led by the brothers Asen and Peter. Their success allowed them to establish a new empire, once again led by Tsars, and for the next century the house of Asen reigned from the Danube to the Aegean and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. In 1202 Tsar Kaloian (or Kaloyan) negotiated a peace with the Byzantines that gave Bulgaria complete independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1204, Kaloian recognized the authority of the pope and thus stabilized the western border of Bulgaria. The second empire saw increased trade, peace, and prosperity. A new golden age of Bulgaria flourished around the cultural center of Turnovo (present-day Veliko Turnovo). The earliest Bulgarian coinage dates to this period, and it was around this time that the head of the Bulgarian church attained the title of patriarch. But politically, the new empire wasnt particularly strong. As its internal cohesiveness eroded, external forces began to take advantage of its weakness. The Magyars resumed their advances, the Byzantines took back portions of Bulgarian land, and in 1241, Tatars began raids that continued for 60 years. Battles for the throne among various noble factions lasted from 1257 to 1277, at which point peasants revolted due to the heavy taxes their warring overlords had imposed on them. As a result of this uprising, a swineherd by the name of Ivaylo took the throne; he wasnt ousted until the Byzantines lent a hand.   Only a few years later, the Asen dynasty died out, and the Terter and Shishman dynasties that followed saw little success in maintaining any real authority. In 1330, the Bulgarian Empire reached its lowest point when Serbs slew Tsar Mikhail Shishman at the Battle of Velbuzhd (present-day Kyustendil). The Serbian Empire took control of Bulgarias Macedonian holdings, and the once-formidable Bulgarian empire began its last decline. It was on the verge of breaking apart into lesser territories when the Ottoman Turks invaded. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks, who had been mercenaries for the Byzantine Empire in the 1340s, began attacking the Balkans for themselves in the 1350s. A series of invasions prompted the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman to declare himself a vassal of Sultan Murad I in 1371; yet still the invasions continued. Sofia was captured in 1382, Shumen was taken in 1388, and by 1396 there was nothing left of Bulgarian authority.   For the next 500 years, Bulgaria would be ruled by the Ottoman Empire in what is generally viewed as a dark time of suffering and oppression. The Bulgarian Church as well as the empires political rule was destroyed. The nobility either were killed, fled the country, or accepted Islam and were assimilated into Turkish society. The peasantry now had Turkish lords. Every now and then, male children were taken from their families, converted to Islam and raised to serve as Janissaries. While the Ottoman Empire was at its height of power, the Bulgarians under its yoke could live in relative peace and security, if not freedom or self-determination. But when the empire began to decline, its central authority could not control local officials, who were sometimes corrupt and at times even downright vicious.   Throughout this half a millennium, Bulgarians held stubbornly to their Orthodox Christian beliefs, and their Slavic language and their unique liturgy kept them from becoming absorbed into the Greek Orthodox Church. The Bulgarian peoples thus retained their identity, and when the Ottoman Empire began to crumble in the late 19th century, the Bulgarians were able to establish an autonomous territory.   Bulgaria was declared an independent kingdom, or tsardom, in 1908. Sources and Suggested Reading The compare prices links  below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. The visit merchant links will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links. A Concise History of Bulgaria(Cambridge Concise Histories)by R. J. CramptonCompare prices The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture(East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450)by K. PetkovVisit merchant State and Church: Studies in Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantiumedited by Vassil Gjuzelev and Kiril PetkovVisit merchant The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans(East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450)edited by Florin Curta and Roman KovalevVisit merchant Armies of the Volga Bulgars Khanate of Kazan: 9th-16th Centuries(Men-at-Arms)by Viacheslav Shpakovsky and David NicolleCompare prices The text of this document is copyright  ©2014-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/europe/fl/Bulgars-Bulgaria-and-Bulgarians.htm

Freuds Id, Ego, and Superego Explained

Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego Explained One of Sigmund Freud’s most well-known ideas was his theory of personality, which proposed that the human psyche is composed of three separate but interacting parts: the id, the  ego, and the superego. The three parts develop at different times and play different roles in personality, but work together to form a whole and contribute to an individuals’ behavior.  While the id, ego, and superego are often referred to as structures, they are purely psychological and don’t exist physically in the brain. Key Takeaways: Id, Ego, and Superego Sigmund Freud originated the concepts of the id, the ego, and the superego, three separate but interacting parts of the human personality that work together to contribute to an individuals behavior.While Freud’s ideas have often been critiqued and labeled unscientific, his work continues to be highly influential in the field of psychology. Origins Freud’s work wasn’t based on empirical research, but on his observations and case studies of his patients and others, so his ideas are often viewed with skepticism. Nonetheless, Freud was an enormously prolific thinker and his theories are still considered important. In fact, his concepts and theories are the foundation of psychoanalysis, an approach to psychology thats still studied today. Freud’s personality theory was influenced by earlier ideas about the mind working at conscious and unconscious levels. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it is the way an individual handles these experiences, both consciously and unconsciously, that shapes personality in adulthood. Id The earliest part of the personality to emerge is the id. The id is present at birth and runs on pure instinct, desire, and need. It is entirely unconscious and encompasses the most primitive part of the personality, including basic biological drives and reflexes. The id is motivated by the pleasure principle, which wants to gratify all impulses immediately. If the ids needs aren’t met, it creates tension. However, because all desires can’t be fulfilled right away, those needs may be satisfied, at least temporarily, through primary process thinking in which the individual fantasizes about what they desire.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newborns’ behavior is driven by the id- they are concerned only with meeting their needs. And the id never grows up. Throughout life, it remains infantile because, as an unconscious entity, it never considers reality. As a result, it remains illogical and selfish. The ego and the superego develop to keep the id in check. Ego The second part of the personality, the ego, arises from the id. Its job is to acknowledge and deal with reality, ensuring that the id’s impulses are reigned in and expressed in ways that are socially acceptable. The ego operates from the reality principle, which works to satisfy the id’s desires in the most reasonable and realistic ways. The ego may do this by delaying gratification, compromising, or anything else that will avoid the negative consequences of going against society’s norms and rules. Such rational thinking is referred to as secondary process thinking. It’s geared towards problem-solving and reality-testing, enabling the person to maintain self-control. However, just like the id, the ego is interested in seeking pleasure, it just wants to do so in a realistic way. It’s not interested in right and wrong, but in how to maximize pleasure and minimize pain without getting into trouble. The ego operates at conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels. The ego’s consideration of reality is conscious. However, it may also keep forbidden desires hidden by unconsciously repressing them. Much of the ego’s functioning is also preconscious, meaning it happens below awareness but takes little effort to bring those thoughts into consciousness. Freud initially used the term ego to reference one’s sense of self. Often, when the term is used in everyday conversation- such as when someone is said to have a â€Å"big ego†- its still used in this sense. Yet, the term ego in Freud’s theory of personality is no longer referring to the self-concept but to functions like judgment, regulation, and control. Superego The superego is the final part of the personality, emerging between the ages of 3 and 5, the phallic stage in Freud’s stages of psychosexual development. The superego is the moral compass of the personality, upholding a sense of right and wrong. These values are initially learned from one’s parents. However, the superego continues to grow over time, enabling children to adopt moral standards from other people they admire, like teachers. The superego consists of two components: the conscious and the ego ideal. The conscious is the part of the superego that forbids unacceptable behaviors and punishes with feelings of guilt when a person does something they shouldn’t. The ego ideal, or ideal self, includes the rules and standards of good behavior one should adhere to. If one is successful in doing so, it leads to feelings of pride. However, if the standards of the ego ideal are too high, the person will feel like a failure and experience guilt. The superego not only controls the id and its impulses towards societal taboos, like sex and aggression, it also attempts to get the ego to go beyond realistic standards and aspire to moralistic ones. The superego works at both conscious and unconscious levels. People are often aware of their ideas of right and wrong but sometimes these ideals impact us unconsciously. The Mediating Ego The id, ego, and superego interact constantly. Ultimately, though, it’s the ego that serves as the mediator between the id, the superego, and reality. The ego must determine how to meet the needs of the id, while upholding social reality and the moral standards of the superego. A healthy personality is the result of a balance between the id, ego, and superego. A lack of balance leads to difficulties. If a person’s id dominates their personality, they may act on their impulses without considering the rules of society. This can cause them to spin out of control and even lead to legal troubles. If the superego dominates, the person can become rigidly moralistic, negatively judging anyone who doesn’t meet their standards. Finally if the ego becomes dominant, it can lead to an individual who is so tied to the rules and norms of society that they become inflexible, unable to deal with change, and incapable of coming to a personal concept of right and wrong. Critique Many critiques have been leveled at Freud’s theory of personality. For example, the idea that the id is the dominant component of personality is considered problematic, especially Freud’s emphasis on unconscious drives and reflexes, like the sexual drive. This perspective minimizes and oversimplifies the intricacies of human nature. In addition, Freud believed that the superego emerges in childhood because children fear harm and punishment. However, research has shown that children whose greatest fear is punishment only appear to develop morals- their real motivation is to avoid getting caught and prevent harm. A sense of morality actually develops when a child experiences love and wants to keep it. To do so, they engage in behavior that exemplifies their parents’ morals and, therefore, will gain their approval. Despite these criticisms, Freud’s ideas about the id, the ego, and the superego have been, and continue to be, highly influential in the field of psychology. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is Psychoanalysis?† Verywell Mind, 7 June 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-psychoanalysis-2795246Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What Are the Id, Ego, and Superego?† Verywell Mind, 6 Nov. 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Ego, superego, and id. New World Encyclopedia, 20 Sept. 2017, newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?titleEgo,_superego,_and_idoldid1006853McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Id, Ego and Superego.† Simply Psychology, 5 Feb. 2016, https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.htmlThe Freudian Theory of Personality.† Journal Psyche, http://journalpsyche.org/the-freudian-theory-of-personality/#more-191

The United States and Syria Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The United States and Syria Conflict - Essay Example For this reason, the paper will dwell on the prospects for long-term peaceful relations between the United States and Syria Syria In brief, Syria is one of the most heterogeneous states in the world. It holds in its land a vast number of sectarian and non-sectarian groups that are autonomous and independent. The diversity within the state is considered as a hindrance in the creation of policies and the establishment of a strong government. In totality, there are almost 19 million people in Syria which are divided into ten major sects. The Sunni Arabs compose 65 percent of the total population in Syria, followed by Alawis with 12 percent, Christians with 10 percent, Kurds with nine percent, Druze with three percent, and the remaining percentage is composed of Assyrians, Bedouin, Circassians, Ismailis, and Turcomans. Among these fractions, the group that greatly challenges the Syrian government is the Kurds and the Sunni Islamists. Along with this, the Syrians have considered a pan-Ara b identity which causes them to be generous to Arab countries, which allow the Arab refugees to take flight on Syrian land. Currently, Syria, under the regime of Bashar al-Assad, is portraying as â€Å"spoilers† by acting as a benefactor of the Palestine militants. Aside from this, it also often rearms Hezbollah. With this matter on hand, Syria has become more estranged from the United States which had caused Syria to create a strong relationship between Iran (Kaplan, 2008; Sharp, 2010). Relationship of the United States and Syria As an overview, the relationship between the United States and Syria was a diplomatic relationship after Syria achieved its independence in 1944. The diplomatic relationship worsened during 1967; however, it was reestablished during 1974. Syria has become part of the list of states terrorism sponsors of the United States since 1979. However, within the years 1990-2001, the two countries had cooperated in some of the issues involved in the regional l evel. However, in 2003 to 2009, the government of Syria was unable to prevent the country from being a passage point of the fighter which is on their way to enter Iraq. Also, another cause of the conflict was that Syria was unable to deport some of the supporters of Saddam Hussein, and it had also protected the Palestine opposition group in Damascus. Furthermore, the conflict between the states is also ignited by the creation of weapons in Syria for mass destruction and along with its anti-human rights activities (U.S. Department of State, 2012). Approaches for Reconciliation between the United States and Syria There have been many approaches in order to create a peaceful relationship between the United States and Syria. One of the first approaches to gain peace and reconciliation between Syria and U.S. is the realist approach or political realism, which was done during President Ronald Reagan’s administration. As an overview, political realism is based on the paradigm that h umans are born with the need for power. Realism focuses on the use, containment, and the consequences of power. Also, a political realism approach explains the use of power by a state against or for each other (Duncan, Jancar-Webster, & Switky, 2009).  

Apple Incorporated Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple Incorporated - Research Paper Example In fact, its leading innovation in smartphones becomes the ultimate base of competition in its industry at present market situation. However, aside from this, there are other significant things to know more about Apple Incorporated in the context of organizational culture. In this paper, the proponent emphasizes Apple Incorporated as an organization going through organizational transformation or change initiatives. Evaluation of the organization’s culture is included. Regarding this, the analysis of the culture is integrated. In doing this, the following questions are answered. 1. Is culture directly influencing success or failure? 2. What is the role leadership has played in the outcome of the initiatives as it relates to culture? 3. How would have things done differently or what are the reasons in supporting the actions of the organizational leaders? The proponent used internet and library materials and conducted related research in order to find answers to the above stated questions. The US market at macro cultural perspective According to Hofstede’s cultural dimension, the United States has strong individualistic national culture (Neelankavil & Rai, 2009). In a society like this, Hofstede pointed out that people are looking after themselves (Onsrud, 2007). This is the reason that the United States has become home to people who strongly wallow into competition and this is evident in its recent market where there is a strong emphasis on how certain enterprise, group or organization aim at becoming a cut above the other. The US market is home to various organizations, corporations or enterprises. Each of them has specific goal in mind and that is to remarkably achieve sustainability and stay in the competition. In line with this, various strategies flooded in the US market. For instance, Apple Incorporated remarkably has specific strategic plans and certain target market. In the same way, its competitors have various strategic plans as well for i mplementation just prior to the actual execution in the hope that a certain competitive advantage will be achieved in the end. This is evident how Microsoft launched a new strategy as its counterpart against the new strategies or initiatives of Apple Incorporated. Apple is looking forward to a new initiative and that is its iCloud (The New York Times, 2011). Steven Jobs emphasized that this technology would certainly replace personal computers. Just the thought of it, Microsoft should already have something in mind on how to maximize its recent resources in the hope to go with the current market trend and create certain moves to stand as counterpart of that of Apple Incorporated’s. Thus, Microsoft should have created by now certain products that it could present to the market that would at least compete with iCloud. The usual trend in the US market is about creating diversified products in order for customers to have various options. This simply illustrates the fact that base d on his theory of cultural dimensions, Hofstede was right in asserting that the United States is strongly influenced by a strong individualistic cultural orientation. Personal Computers Industry at both macro and micro cultural perspectives The strong individualistic national culture of the US market without question has influenced the Personal Computer

Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management accounting - Assignment Example These total overhead costs are then divided by the total number of labour hours to obtain the budgeted factory over head rate. That rate is multiplied by the number of hours to complete one unit of Vivaldehyde and Kathanol in order to determine Factory Overhead Rate per unit of Vivaldehyde and Kathanol. These FOH rates are then multiplied by the total number of units of both Vivaldehyde and Kathanol to obtain Total Factory Overhead costs. Similarly, total number of units produced was then multiplied by direct material cost per unit and direct labour cost per unit in order to calculate total direct material cost and total labour cost respectively. Per unit direct material cost, per unit direct labour cost and per unit factory overhead cost were then added to get the total per unit cost of both products. 40% mark-up was then added on the total per unit costs of both the products in order to arrive at the selling prices for both of the products. Activity Based Costing is the technique that is applied due to the lack of appropriateness of the traditional Absorption Costing. For Activity Based Costing, in the first step the relevant cost drivers and their total activity levels are identified which cause the factory overheads to incur. Total factory overhead costs of every department are then divided by the relevant activity level of each cost drivers to find out the activity rates. Those activity rates are then multiplied by the exact level of activity consumed by each product to obtain the factory overhead cost incurred by the each product. In this way, the factory overhead rate is calculated. Factory overhead rate along with direct material per unit as well as direct labour per unit are then added up to reach at the total cost per unit of both Vivaldehyde and Kathanol. Total Factory Overhead Costs of both products are having different values in Activity Based Costing than those of Absorption Cost due to

Business Information Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Information Systems - Assignment Example ion that is linked to processes as well as responsible for providing business administration a 360-degree vision all through the distributed company departments of the bank. To opt for this business intelligence platform from business Objects was the logical alternatives to facilitate and expand the worth as well as importance of bank’s SAP deployment. The Business objective for the bank’s intelligence platform has the plan eristic to hold up together present and upcoming information requirements as well as it also authorizes bank’s executives by means of the information they require for developing day-to-day working and formulating effective decision for the bank. Bank of Ireland business Group deals with almost thousands of dealer demands into its collective services department every year plus well-organized administration of this data and information flow is quite necessary planned for its Acquire-to-Compensate procedures and practices. Implementation of a lat est ERP application proposed to develop efficiency; it has become apparent that better procedures and practices were enviable for moving as well as recovery of business invoices, plus the bank started out to the marketplace in order to find out new and innovative solution and efficient techniques (SoftCo Group Ltd., 2010), (Laguerre & Welsh, 2010), (SAP-2, 2010) and (Case Study). At the earlier SAP implementation in the Bank of Ireland, there were great opportunities and facilities to the additional and far effective development in business invoice management and accurate handling of business dealings. Formerly the business was functioning totally with manual methods planned for managing and handling business processes which are vital for the approval or required for a number of exceptions determined prior to processing. The major difficulties in the paper-based or manual procedures were becoming more and more difficult plus time-consuming. These incorporated processes which are missing, the troubles

Role of Social Media in Customer Relationship Management Essay

Role of Social Media in Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example Along with that, this work explores the importance of using social media for its diverse objectives in business, event, and social context. In the context of an event, this study also explores London Mela festival (2014), and the way organizers used social media to manage the customer relationship. London Mela is Europes largest outdoor South Asian festival which consists of several live entertainments and traditional Asian culture activities. This research study explores the role of social media in customer relationship management with a reference to London Mela as an example of the event. Firstly, there is a need to understand the definition of relationship marketing. Grà ¶nroos (1994, cited in the Egan, 2001, p. 23) describes relationship management as â€Å"identify and establish, maintain and enhance and, when necessary, terminate relationships with customers and other stakeholders, at a profit so that the objectives of all parties involved are met, and this is done by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises.† Thomas and Housden (2011) assert that the concept of relationship marketing is that customer must be influenced in a way that leads to his contentment. According to Chan and Guillet (2011), customer relationship management is a systematic approach to managing firms communication or interaction with current and future customers. However, it involves technological expertise in organizing and synchronizing sales, marketing, customer services and technical support. On the other hand, Masterman and Wood (2006) argue that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a management philosophy on the basis of which firms common goal can be achieved through identifying and satisfying customers defined and undefined needs and wants.  

Expressions of Miami Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expressions of Miami Vacation - Essay Example The weather is pleasant and a long line of people is seen waiting outside the parrot jungle island. Young children, adolescents, middle-aged people as well as the elderly can all be seen waiting in these lines outside the entrance. There are people who can be distinguished from the locals who are waiting on special tourist counters as they are not aware of the ticket deals that are available at this tourist spot. Despite this rush, it can be accessed that the people waiting in these long lines are not disappointed owing to the lovely weather and the welcoming and warm staff of the parrot island who are organizing and managing the entrance and tickets really well. The situation inside the jungle island is no different and there are a lot of people seen inside as well. Tourists are seen to be moving in groups and some groups have their guides showing them the paths and explaining them the significance of different locations in the park. These tourists seem to be coming from every different corner of the world as they all seem to belong to different countries which can be analyzed by their languages and appearances. A Chinese couple is seen wandering here and there and they are being warmly guided by the locals for the ways and the different spots. Children are seen playing in the park of the island and they seem to be enjoying the atmosphere and the weather as well. Many elderly couples are seen seated on the benches and they are either busy in their conversations or are enjoying the beautiful sceneries around them. Young energetic couples and adolescents are seen moving around from here to there and analyzing and checking every corner of the island.  

Business Information Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Information Systems - Assignment Example ion that is linked to processes as well as responsible for providing business administration a 360-degree vision all through the distributed company departments of the bank. To opt for this business intelligence platform from business Objects was the logical alternatives to facilitate and expand the worth as well as importance of bank’s SAP deployment. The Business objective for the bank’s intelligence platform has the plan eristic to hold up together present and upcoming information requirements as well as it also authorizes bank’s executives by means of the information they require for developing day-to-day working and formulating effective decision for the bank. Bank of Ireland business Group deals with almost thousands of dealer demands into its collective services department every year plus well-organized administration of this data and information flow is quite necessary planned for its Acquire-to-Compensate procedures and practices. Implementation of a lat est ERP application proposed to develop efficiency; it has become apparent that better procedures and practices were enviable for moving as well as recovery of business invoices, plus the bank started out to the marketplace in order to find out new and innovative solution and efficient techniques (SoftCo Group Ltd., 2010), (Laguerre & Welsh, 2010), (SAP-2, 2010) and (Case Study). At the earlier SAP implementation in the Bank of Ireland, there were great opportunities and facilities to the additional and far effective development in business invoice management and accurate handling of business dealings. Formerly the business was functioning totally with manual methods planned for managing and handling business processes which are vital for the approval or required for a number of exceptions determined prior to processing. The major difficulties in the paper-based or manual procedures were becoming more and more difficult plus time-consuming. These incorporated processes which are missing, the troubles

Expressions of Miami Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expressions of Miami Vacation - Essay Example The weather is pleasant and a long line of people is seen waiting outside the parrot jungle island. Young children, adolescents, middle-aged people as well as the elderly can all be seen waiting in these lines outside the entrance. There are people who can be distinguished from the locals who are waiting on special tourist counters as they are not aware of the ticket deals that are available at this tourist spot. Despite this rush, it can be accessed that the people waiting in these long lines are not disappointed owing to the lovely weather and the welcoming and warm staff of the parrot island who are organizing and managing the entrance and tickets really well. The situation inside the jungle island is no different and there are a lot of people seen inside as well. Tourists are seen to be moving in groups and some groups have their guides showing them the paths and explaining them the significance of different locations in the park. These tourists seem to be coming from every different corner of the world as they all seem to belong to different countries which can be analyzed by their languages and appearances. A Chinese couple is seen wandering here and there and they are being warmly guided by the locals for the ways and the different spots. Children are seen playing in the park of the island and they seem to be enjoying the atmosphere and the weather as well. Many elderly couples are seen seated on the benches and they are either busy in their conversations or are enjoying the beautiful sceneries around them. Young energetic couples and adolescents are seen moving around from here to there and analyzing and checking every corner of the island.